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Review our cookies policy for more details and to change your cookie preferences. By continuing to browse this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. CloseSave this articleClick this to add articles to your Timekeeper reading list. Learn more »TweetIT IRKED Hamlet that “one may smile, and smile, and be a villain.” Little is known about the biological foundations of morality. Wrong can be done for the right reasons and dishonesty can protect others. Deception itself is driven by complex chemical processes—not all of them maliciously motivated, according to a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on the effects of oxytocin, a signalling molecule in the brain that is sometimes referred to as the “love hormone”. Falling in love releases oxytocin from the hypothalamus, encouraging coupling between doe-eyed romantics. It also triggers contractions during childbirth and bonding during breastfeeding. The latest study of its actions, though, suggests it has darker effects too. Shaul Shalvi, from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel, and Carsten De Dreu, from the University of Amsterdam, in the Netherlands, have discovered that it encourages people to lie—not for themselves, but for the good of the group they are part of. Such altruism emerged from an experiment in which Dr Shalvi and Dr De Dreu randomly assigned 120 male volunteers (women were excluded in case any were unknowingly pregnant) to one of two groups. Members of one were to receive a dose of oxytocin from a nasal spray; members of the other to sniff a placebo. Half the volunteers were then further divided into clans of three. Thirty minutes after taking six puffs from the spray, each participant played a coin-tossing game on a computer. He had to watch a virtual coin being tossed 30 times, predict the outcome, remember the actual outcome and report on the accuracy of his forecast. For ten of the tosses (volunteers knew which ten) reporting a correct prediction won a clan member 30 cents, to be split three ways with the rest of the clan, while non-members of clans won ten cents. For another ten tosses a correct prediction lost the same amounts. For the remaining tosses no money was at stake. And throughout the process incorrect predictions had no effect. As might be expected, people tended to lie when it was to their advantage to do so—over-reporting correct guesses when they would result in profit, underreporting them when a loss would result and telling the truth (more or less) when it made no difference. There was, though, one intriguing anomaly. Clan members, and only clan members, lied a lot more under the influence of oxytocin when they reported their results for the profit-related tosses. This effect was huge. Oxytocin-affected clan members were twice as likely as anyone else to fib to extreme levels, by claiming nine or ten correct predictions (in reality, such runs of good luck would happen to only one person in 100). That helped them, of course, but since no similar effect was seen in non-members, Dr Shalvi and Dr De Dreu think the help to fellow members of a clan is the significant point. Weirdly, though, they saw nothing equivalent when accurate reporting of a toss resulted in a loss to the clan. Oxytocin did not encourage people to lie about this. Perhaps the hormone stimulates lying about positive things but not negative ones. RecommendTweetSubmit to redditBe the first to commentWant more? Subscribe to The Economist and get the week's most relevant news and analysis. He will probably become India’s next prime minister. Many American universities offer lousy value for money. Too many degrees are a waste of money. The return on higher education would be much better if... 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